Automotif Engine, Function steering system, Steering System Components

POWER STEERING

Function steering system

Function steering system is to set the direction of the vehicle by means of deflecting the front wheels.

When the steering wheel is turned, the steering column will continue to swivel power steering gear. Rotary power steering gear enlarge it to produce a greater moment to drive the front wheels through the steering linkage.

Basically the steering system can be divided into two, namely:

A. steering system manually

• It takes a great effort to move the steering wheel
• The driver is tired 

B. The steering system that uses power steering

The use of power steering provides advantages such as:

• Reduced power steering (steering effort)
•  High stability during driving 

A. STEERING SYSTEM MANUAL

Manually steering system is rarely used, especially on modern cars. In this system, there needs to be a great power for driving. As a result, the driver will get tired when driving, especially at long distances.

Type of manual steering system that is widely used is:

1. Recirculating ball

How it works:

By the time the driver turning the steering wheel, which is connected to the main shaft directly turns the steering wheel. At the end of the main shaft of the worm gear checkers work on the vessel nut adding power steering gears and move the rotary motion of the steering wheel back and forth motion to the pitman arm (pitman arm).

The connecting arms (linkage), connecting rod (relay rod), tie rods, idler arm (idler arm) and Nakel arm pitman arm connected to the end of the arm. They move the turning force from the steering wheel to the front wheels by turning the ball joint in the forearm (lower arm) and the upper bearing for shock absorbers.

This type is typically used on passenger cars or commercial. 

advantage:

• Relatively large steering gear components, can be used for medium-size cars, big cars and commercial vehicles
• Wear and tear is relatively small and the steering wheel of the relatively mild.

disadvantages:

• Construction complicated because of the relationship between the sector gear and pinion gear indirectly
• The cost of repair is more expensive

2. Type rack and pinion

Ways of working:

At the time the steering wheel is turned, the pinion also rotates. This movement will move the rack from side to side and continued through the tie rod arm to Nakel the front wheels so that the front wheel is driven, while the wheels are interested, this causes the wheels turning in the same direction.

Type of rack and pinion steering is much more efficient for the driver to control the front wheels.

Pinion which is connected to the main shaft through the steering intermediate shaft, relating with the rack.

advantage:

• Light and simple construction
• Intersection between the pinion gear and the rack directly
• Displacement relatively better moments, making it lighter

disadvantages:

• Form a small gears, only suitable for use in passenger cars of small or medium size
• Faster wear
• The shape of the rack teeth straight, can cause rapid wear

STEERING SYSTEM COMPONENTS

A. STEERING COLUMN

The steering column or the steering shaft is where the main shaft. Steering column consists of the main shaft forward rotation steering gear to the steering wheel and column tube that binds the main shaft to the body. The upper end of the main shaft is made tapered and serrated, and the steering wheel is fastened in place with a nut. The steering column is also an energy absorbing mechanism that absorbs the thrust of the driver at the time of collision. Steering columnjuga an energy absorbing mechanism that absorbs the thrust of the driver at the time of collision.

There are two types of steering column that is:

1. Model Collapsible

This model has the advantage:

• When vehicles collide / collide and steering gear box under pressure, then the main shaft or bracket column will collapse so that the driver avoid a hazard.

- The disadvantages are:

• Main shaft is less strong, so it is only used in a passenger car or a small size car.
• Its construction is more complicated

2. Model Non collapsible

This model has the advantage:

• Main shaftnya stronger so widely used on big cars or small cars
•  Construction is simple

The disadvantages are:

• If collide with the hard, the wheel can not absorb shock so that the safety of the driver is relatively small.

STEERING GEAR

Steering gear not only serves to drive the front wheels, but at the same time also serves as a reduction gear to increase the moment that the steering becomes lighter. It is necessary for the so-called reduction ratio steering gear ratio, and the ratio is usually between 18 to 20: 1.

Comparison of the greater will cause the steering becomes progressively lighter, but the amount of rotation will multiply, to turn the same corner. There are several types of steering gear, but that is widely used today is

The first type, used on passenger cars to large and medium-size commercial cars. While the second type, used in passenger cars of small to medium size. Angle turn and gear ratio On the diagram can be seen in relation with the sector turning angle gear ratio. At the time of straight or sector shaft rotates 2.5 ° to the left or to the right gear ratio is still 19.5: 1. While on the turn when the turning angle 37 ° sector into a large gear ratio is 21.5: 1. Therefore, when turning the steering becomes lighter. 

There are several forms of steering gear box, including:

1. Model worm and roller sector

Worm gear associated with the roller in the middle sector. Friction can change between gears with teeth touch into touch roll.

2. Model worm and sector

In this model are directly related to the worm and sector

3. Model screw pin

In this model taper-shaped pin moves along the worm gear

4. Model screw and nut

This model is at the bottom of the main shaft are threaded and a nut attached to it. In the nut are mounted protruding parts and the lever that is attached to the house.





 

5. Model recirculating ball

In this model, the bullets found in the pits nut roll to form relationships between nut and worm gear. Has a wear-resistant properties of a good shock- resistant

6. Model rack and pinion

Rotary movement by the rack pinion is converted directly into a horizontal movement. Model rack and pinion has a simple construction, turn sharp angles and light, but received a shock from the road surface is transmitted to the front wheels.

C. STEERING LINKAGE

Steering linkage consists of a rod and arm motion that transmit power from the front wheels to the steering gear. Although the car moves up and down, the movement of the steering wheel should be routed to the front wheels with a very precise at all times. There are several types of steering linkage and joint construction designed for the purpose. Right shape greatly affect the stability of driving. 

1. Steering linkage for rigid suspension.

2. Steering linkage to an independent suspension
   

Other steering system components depend on the type of steering is used, among others:

1. Steering wheel.

There are several kinds of steering wheel in terms of construction, namely:

a. Large steering wheel

This form has the advantage, that is getting a big moment that at times turned the vehicle, will be lighter and more stable

b. Small steering wheel

Has the advantage does not take place and be sensitive to any given movement during a straight road, but it takes great strength to deflect the vehicle because it has small moments

c. Steering wheel ellipse

This model can cope with both the steering wheel because of a combination of large and small

2. Steering Main Shaft

The main steering shaft or the Main Shaft Steering serves to connect or as a steering wheel with steering gear.

3. Pitman Arm

Pitman arm forward movement of the steering gear to the relay rod or drag link. Serves to change the steering column rotary movement into a movement back and forth.

4. Relay Rod

Relay rod connected with the pitman arm and tie rod end left and right. The forward movement of the relay rod to pitman arm tie rod

5. Tie Rod

Yangberulir end of the tie rod mounted on the ends of the rack pinion steering rack end, or into the pipe on recirculating ball setup, thus the distance between the joint-joint can be set

6. Tie Rod End (Ball Joint)

Tie rod end mounted on the tie rod to connect the tie rod to knuckle arm, relay wheels and others.

7. Knuckle arm

Knuckle arm forward movement of tie rod or drag link to the front wheels via the steering knuckle.

8. Steering knuckle

Steering knuckle to withstand a given load on the front wheels and serves as the axis of rotation of the wheel. Rotating the ball joint pedestal or king pin of the suspension arm

9. Idler arm

From idler arm pivot mounted on the body and the other end connected to the relay rod with a swivel joint. This arm holds one end of the relay rod and restrict the movement of the relay rod on some level.

POWER STEERING

The steering system has a hydraulic booster steering mechanism in the middle so that the steering becomes lighter. Under normal circumstances the severity of the steering wheel rotation is 2-4 kg

Power steering system is planned to reduce the steering effort when the vehicle is moving at low speed and adjust at a certain level when the vehicle is moving, starting medium speed until high speed.

The use of power steering provides advantages such as:

• Reduced power steering (steering effort)
• High stability during driving

The workings of power steering:

1. Neutral position

Oil flows from the pump to the control valve (control valve). When the control valve is in the neutral position, all the oil will flow through the control valve to channel Liberator (relief port) and back to the pump. At this time do not form pressure and pressure both sides the same arena, the piston does not move.

2. At the time of turning

By the time the steering main shaft (steeringmain shaft) rotated to one direction, the valve controller will also move to close one oil channel. Other channels will be open and there will be changes in the volume of oil flow and pressure eventually formed. On both sides of the piston will occur and the pressure difference piston will move to the low pressure side so that the oil that is in the room will be returned to the pump through a control valve.

VANE PUMP

Vane pump that functions generate hydraulic pressure, at the top of the pump there is a water reservoir is always filled with a special fluid, and the fluid level should be checked regularly. For this purpose, if one examines the high fluid level, checking the condition of the fluid needs to be done including fluid temperature, bubbles or fluid becomes turbid. Noteworthy that the power steering fluid volume does not change unless there is a leak.

Type Power Steering

There are several types of power steering, but each has three parts consisting of a pump, control valve and power cylinder. There are two types of power steering namely: 

a. Integral type

As the name implies, control valve and power piston located inside the gear box. The type of gear used is recirculating ball. Shown here mechanism integral type power steering system.

The main part consists of:

• Reservoir tank containing fluid
• Vane pump that generates hydraulic power
• Gear box that contains the control valve, the power piston and the steering gear
• The pipes that drain fluid
• Flexible hoses.

b. Type Rack and Pinion

Power steering control valve of this type included in the gear housing and separate power piston in the power cylinder. Type rack and pinion mechanism is almost the same as the integral type.

The main component of vane pump as follows:

• Reservoir tank: serves to accommodate the power steering oil supplies.
• Pump body: driven by the engine crankshaft pulley and drive belt or electric motor, and the pressurized oil flow to the gear housing.
• Flow control valve: function to adjust the volume of the oil flow from the pump to the gear housing and keep the volume remains in the pump rpm changing.
• Idle equipment up: work to raise the engine rpm when the pump obtaining load maximum.

DIAGNOSIS

Diagnosis (trouble shooting) steering system manually.

At the time of checking the steering system, note that the steering system with front wheels no relation, as well as suspension, axle and frame. The relationship caused by the steering system, the suspension or the other. Therefore, before deciding that there is a disturbance in the steering system, consider and check all other possible causes.

High check the oil level in gear box:

• How to check the following:
• Place the vehicle on a flat
• Check the oil level high
• Clean the top and pinion steering
• Loosen and remove the stopper waster
• Insert a small screwdriver into the oil filler hole and measure the distance.
• Add oil if the level is low, then there is a leak or not.
• Replace the stopper evaporation

Check the steering link arm (steering linkage)

• How to check the following:
• Place the vehicle on a flat
• Check the oil level high
• Clean the top of the steering gear
• Loosen and remove the stopper waster
• Insert a small screwdriver into the oil filler hole and measure the distance
• Add oil if the level is low, then there is a leak or not
• Replace the stopper evaporation.

High check the oil level in gear box

Check the steering link arm (steering linkage)

Examination of freedom steering wheel

Steps:

• Turn the steering wheel to the straight position
• Turn the steering wheel slowly do not let the wheel berherak
• Increase steering wheel movement (free play)
• The amount of freedom steering wheel depends on the car model, usually no more than 30 mm

heavy steering

Steps:

• Check the tire pressure
• Check the steering systemnya (high oil, steering linkage, steering gear)
• Check the ball jaoin or king pin
• Check the suspension arm
• Check the height of the vehicle
• Check the wheel aliggment

Checking the drive belt on the power steering pump
Checking the drive belt on the power steering pump, namely:

• Pump drive belts should be checked and replaced if cracked
• Shiny / burning
• Other damage / squashed

If the pump drive belt chime when the vehicle is turning, it means the belt in a slack state, therefore, needs to be tuned. Adjustments can be made using a special tool belt tension test.

Check the working pressure power steering

Steps:

• Disconnect the pressure line from the pump house
• Attach the pressure meter and the faucet, the channel is released with the outer channel pump
• For thorough examination, need help thermometer and tachometer
• Remove the possibility of wind on the system by the turn on the motor and turn the steering wheel to the right and to the left many times. Check the liquid level, add if necessary, and let the meter valve until the liquid reaches a temperature specifications.
• Measure the fluid pressure at home steering gear, price pressure specifications of more than 72 kg / cm.