Automotif Engine, Function steering system, Steering System Components

POWER STEERING

Function steering system

Function steering system is to set the direction of the vehicle by means of deflecting the front wheels.

When the steering wheel is turned, the steering column will continue to swivel power steering gear. Rotary power steering gear enlarge it to produce a greater moment to drive the front wheels through the steering linkage.

Basically the steering system can be divided into two, namely:

A. steering system manually

• It takes a great effort to move the steering wheel
• The driver is tired 

B. The steering system that uses power steering

The use of power steering provides advantages such as:

• Reduced power steering (steering effort)
•  High stability during driving 

A. STEERING SYSTEM MANUAL

Manually steering system is rarely used, especially on modern cars. In this system, there needs to be a great power for driving. As a result, the driver will get tired when driving, especially at long distances.

Type of manual steering system that is widely used is:

1. Recirculating ball

How it works:

By the time the driver turning the steering wheel, which is connected to the main shaft directly turns the steering wheel. At the end of the main shaft of the worm gear checkers work on the vessel nut adding power steering gears and move the rotary motion of the steering wheel back and forth motion to the pitman arm (pitman arm).

The connecting arms (linkage), connecting rod (relay rod), tie rods, idler arm (idler arm) and Nakel arm pitman arm connected to the end of the arm. They move the turning force from the steering wheel to the front wheels by turning the ball joint in the forearm (lower arm) and the upper bearing for shock absorbers.

This type is typically used on passenger cars or commercial. 

advantage:

• Relatively large steering gear components, can be used for medium-size cars, big cars and commercial vehicles
• Wear and tear is relatively small and the steering wheel of the relatively mild.

disadvantages:

• Construction complicated because of the relationship between the sector gear and pinion gear indirectly
• The cost of repair is more expensive

2. Type rack and pinion

Ways of working:

At the time the steering wheel is turned, the pinion also rotates. This movement will move the rack from side to side and continued through the tie rod arm to Nakel the front wheels so that the front wheel is driven, while the wheels are interested, this causes the wheels turning in the same direction.

Type of rack and pinion steering is much more efficient for the driver to control the front wheels.

Pinion which is connected to the main shaft through the steering intermediate shaft, relating with the rack.

advantage:

• Light and simple construction
• Intersection between the pinion gear and the rack directly
• Displacement relatively better moments, making it lighter

disadvantages:

• Form a small gears, only suitable for use in passenger cars of small or medium size
• Faster wear
• The shape of the rack teeth straight, can cause rapid wear

STEERING SYSTEM COMPONENTS

A. STEERING COLUMN

The steering column or the steering shaft is where the main shaft. Steering column consists of the main shaft forward rotation steering gear to the steering wheel and column tube that binds the main shaft to the body. The upper end of the main shaft is made tapered and serrated, and the steering wheel is fastened in place with a nut. The steering column is also an energy absorbing mechanism that absorbs the thrust of the driver at the time of collision. Steering columnjuga an energy absorbing mechanism that absorbs the thrust of the driver at the time of collision.

There are two types of steering column that is:

1. Model Collapsible

This model has the advantage:

• When vehicles collide / collide and steering gear box under pressure, then the main shaft or bracket column will collapse so that the driver avoid a hazard.

- The disadvantages are:

• Main shaft is less strong, so it is only used in a passenger car or a small size car.
• Its construction is more complicated

2. Model Non collapsible

This model has the advantage:

• Main shaftnya stronger so widely used on big cars or small cars
•  Construction is simple

The disadvantages are:

• If collide with the hard, the wheel can not absorb shock so that the safety of the driver is relatively small.

STEERING GEAR

Steering gear not only serves to drive the front wheels, but at the same time also serves as a reduction gear to increase the moment that the steering becomes lighter. It is necessary for the so-called reduction ratio steering gear ratio, and the ratio is usually between 18 to 20: 1.

Comparison of the greater will cause the steering becomes progressively lighter, but the amount of rotation will multiply, to turn the same corner. There are several types of steering gear, but that is widely used today is

The first type, used on passenger cars to large and medium-size commercial cars. While the second type, used in passenger cars of small to medium size. Angle turn and gear ratio On the diagram can be seen in relation with the sector turning angle gear ratio. At the time of straight or sector shaft rotates 2.5 ° to the left or to the right gear ratio is still 19.5: 1. While on the turn when the turning angle 37 ° sector into a large gear ratio is 21.5: 1. Therefore, when turning the steering becomes lighter. 

There are several forms of steering gear box, including:

1. Model worm and roller sector

Worm gear associated with the roller in the middle sector. Friction can change between gears with teeth touch into touch roll.

2. Model worm and sector

In this model are directly related to the worm and sector

3. Model screw pin

In this model taper-shaped pin moves along the worm gear

4. Model screw and nut

This model is at the bottom of the main shaft are threaded and a nut attached to it. In the nut are mounted protruding parts and the lever that is attached to the house.





 

5. Model recirculating ball

In this model, the bullets found in the pits nut roll to form relationships between nut and worm gear. Has a wear-resistant properties of a good shock- resistant

6. Model rack and pinion

Rotary movement by the rack pinion is converted directly into a horizontal movement. Model rack and pinion has a simple construction, turn sharp angles and light, but received a shock from the road surface is transmitted to the front wheels.

C. STEERING LINKAGE

Steering linkage consists of a rod and arm motion that transmit power from the front wheels to the steering gear. Although the car moves up and down, the movement of the steering wheel should be routed to the front wheels with a very precise at all times. There are several types of steering linkage and joint construction designed for the purpose. Right shape greatly affect the stability of driving. 

1. Steering linkage for rigid suspension.

2. Steering linkage to an independent suspension
   

Other steering system components depend on the type of steering is used, among others:

1. Steering wheel.

There are several kinds of steering wheel in terms of construction, namely:

a. Large steering wheel

This form has the advantage, that is getting a big moment that at times turned the vehicle, will be lighter and more stable

b. Small steering wheel

Has the advantage does not take place and be sensitive to any given movement during a straight road, but it takes great strength to deflect the vehicle because it has small moments

c. Steering wheel ellipse

This model can cope with both the steering wheel because of a combination of large and small

2. Steering Main Shaft

The main steering shaft or the Main Shaft Steering serves to connect or as a steering wheel with steering gear.

3. Pitman Arm

Pitman arm forward movement of the steering gear to the relay rod or drag link. Serves to change the steering column rotary movement into a movement back and forth.

4. Relay Rod

Relay rod connected with the pitman arm and tie rod end left and right. The forward movement of the relay rod to pitman arm tie rod

5. Tie Rod

Yangberulir end of the tie rod mounted on the ends of the rack pinion steering rack end, or into the pipe on recirculating ball setup, thus the distance between the joint-joint can be set

6. Tie Rod End (Ball Joint)

Tie rod end mounted on the tie rod to connect the tie rod to knuckle arm, relay wheels and others.

7. Knuckle arm

Knuckle arm forward movement of tie rod or drag link to the front wheels via the steering knuckle.

8. Steering knuckle

Steering knuckle to withstand a given load on the front wheels and serves as the axis of rotation of the wheel. Rotating the ball joint pedestal or king pin of the suspension arm

9. Idler arm

From idler arm pivot mounted on the body and the other end connected to the relay rod with a swivel joint. This arm holds one end of the relay rod and restrict the movement of the relay rod on some level.

POWER STEERING

The steering system has a hydraulic booster steering mechanism in the middle so that the steering becomes lighter. Under normal circumstances the severity of the steering wheel rotation is 2-4 kg

Power steering system is planned to reduce the steering effort when the vehicle is moving at low speed and adjust at a certain level when the vehicle is moving, starting medium speed until high speed.

The use of power steering provides advantages such as:

• Reduced power steering (steering effort)
• High stability during driving

The workings of power steering:

1. Neutral position

Oil flows from the pump to the control valve (control valve). When the control valve is in the neutral position, all the oil will flow through the control valve to channel Liberator (relief port) and back to the pump. At this time do not form pressure and pressure both sides the same arena, the piston does not move.

2. At the time of turning

By the time the steering main shaft (steeringmain shaft) rotated to one direction, the valve controller will also move to close one oil channel. Other channels will be open and there will be changes in the volume of oil flow and pressure eventually formed. On both sides of the piston will occur and the pressure difference piston will move to the low pressure side so that the oil that is in the room will be returned to the pump through a control valve.

VANE PUMP

Vane pump that functions generate hydraulic pressure, at the top of the pump there is a water reservoir is always filled with a special fluid, and the fluid level should be checked regularly. For this purpose, if one examines the high fluid level, checking the condition of the fluid needs to be done including fluid temperature, bubbles or fluid becomes turbid. Noteworthy that the power steering fluid volume does not change unless there is a leak.

Type Power Steering

There are several types of power steering, but each has three parts consisting of a pump, control valve and power cylinder. There are two types of power steering namely: 

a. Integral type

As the name implies, control valve and power piston located inside the gear box. The type of gear used is recirculating ball. Shown here mechanism integral type power steering system.

The main part consists of:

• Reservoir tank containing fluid
• Vane pump that generates hydraulic power
• Gear box that contains the control valve, the power piston and the steering gear
• The pipes that drain fluid
• Flexible hoses.

b. Type Rack and Pinion

Power steering control valve of this type included in the gear housing and separate power piston in the power cylinder. Type rack and pinion mechanism is almost the same as the integral type.

The main component of vane pump as follows:

• Reservoir tank: serves to accommodate the power steering oil supplies.
• Pump body: driven by the engine crankshaft pulley and drive belt or electric motor, and the pressurized oil flow to the gear housing.
• Flow control valve: function to adjust the volume of the oil flow from the pump to the gear housing and keep the volume remains in the pump rpm changing.
• Idle equipment up: work to raise the engine rpm when the pump obtaining load maximum.

DIAGNOSIS

Diagnosis (trouble shooting) steering system manually.

At the time of checking the steering system, note that the steering system with front wheels no relation, as well as suspension, axle and frame. The relationship caused by the steering system, the suspension or the other. Therefore, before deciding that there is a disturbance in the steering system, consider and check all other possible causes.

High check the oil level in gear box:

• How to check the following:
• Place the vehicle on a flat
• Check the oil level high
• Clean the top and pinion steering
• Loosen and remove the stopper waster
• Insert a small screwdriver into the oil filler hole and measure the distance.
• Add oil if the level is low, then there is a leak or not.
• Replace the stopper evaporation

Check the steering link arm (steering linkage)

• How to check the following:
• Place the vehicle on a flat
• Check the oil level high
• Clean the top of the steering gear
• Loosen and remove the stopper waster
• Insert a small screwdriver into the oil filler hole and measure the distance
• Add oil if the level is low, then there is a leak or not
• Replace the stopper evaporation.

High check the oil level in gear box

Check the steering link arm (steering linkage)

Examination of freedom steering wheel

Steps:

• Turn the steering wheel to the straight position
• Turn the steering wheel slowly do not let the wheel berherak
• Increase steering wheel movement (free play)
• The amount of freedom steering wheel depends on the car model, usually no more than 30 mm

heavy steering

Steps:

• Check the tire pressure
• Check the steering systemnya (high oil, steering linkage, steering gear)
• Check the ball jaoin or king pin
• Check the suspension arm
• Check the height of the vehicle
• Check the wheel aliggment

Checking the drive belt on the power steering pump
Checking the drive belt on the power steering pump, namely:

• Pump drive belts should be checked and replaced if cracked
• Shiny / burning
• Other damage / squashed

If the pump drive belt chime when the vehicle is turning, it means the belt in a slack state, therefore, needs to be tuned. Adjustments can be made using a special tool belt tension test.

Check the working pressure power steering

Steps:

• Disconnect the pressure line from the pump house
• Attach the pressure meter and the faucet, the channel is released with the outer channel pump
• For thorough examination, need help thermometer and tachometer
• Remove the possibility of wind on the system by the turn on the motor and turn the steering wheel to the right and to the left many times. Check the liquid level, add if necessary, and let the meter valve until the liquid reaches a temperature specifications.
• Measure the fluid pressure at home steering gear, price pressure specifications of more than 72 kg / cm.

Automotif Engine, Power Steering types, power steering system

POWER STEERING SYSTEM

A. Understanding power steering

Power steering is a system that serves to relieve rotate the vehicle steering system so as to produce a lightweight steering rotation without the need to employ the means to control the steering, especially at low speeds and adjust them at medium and high speeds.

At low speeds the tire friction with the road is quite high, especially for the type of low-pressure tire with a tread width.

Power steering has two types, namely the type of hydraulic equipment which uses engine power, and the other uses an electric motor, or commonly called the Electric Power Steering (EPS).

In the power steering which uses engine power, the engine power in use to drive the pump, while the type that uses electric motors, pumps driven by electric motors. Both - equally aims to generate hydraulic pressure is used to drive the piston in the power cylinder and provide additional power to the pinion and rack. Terms of a power steering should match the style of driving in which the steering effort at low speeds should be lower (lighter) and the higher the speed of the vehicle, then the effort required for driving should be smaller. To obtain an appropriate steering force, some cars have power steering with special equipment mounted on the pump (vane pump) or the gear housing. Power steering which uses a sensor mounted on the gear housing is a type of power steering with the vehicle speed sensor, where the vehicle speed detected by the speed sensor and the fluid pressure acting on the pump will be changed to change based on the speed sensor. Power steering which uses a sensor mounted on a vane pump is a type of pwer steering with engine rotation sensor (RPM). In this type of engine rpm sensing, above a certain speed lowered volume of fluid flow so that the pressure acting on the pump will be reduced.

• Use of power steering provides several advantages such as

1. Reduces steering effort
2. Very high stability during driving
3. Reduce the shock of unevenness in the road surface is channeled to the steering wheel.

• How to care so durable power steering:

1. If the vehicle will turn better roads or motion new first turn.
2. Do not be too often deflect steer get stuck / broken for too long.
3.  Choose Power Steering original oil (ATF type).
4. Choosing original spare parts when diservice.
5. To steer hydraulic rack types, suggested any protective rubber washing vehicles (boot steer) right and left is checked, whether loose, torn or other damage occurs.
6. If the parking of vehicles, should be the position of the front wheels must be straight.
7. Use of tires with low friction levels

• How the power steering:

1. Neutral position

Stream to control valve (control valve). When the control valve is in the neutral position, all the oil will flow through the control valve to channel Liberator (relief port) and back to the pump. At this time do not form pressure and pressure both sides the same arena, the piston does not move.

2. At the time of turning

By the time the steering main shaft (steeringmain shaft) rotated to one direction, the valve controller will also move to close one oil channel. Other channels will be open and there will be changes in the volume of oil flow and pressure eventually formed. On both sides of the piston will occur and the pressure difference piston will move to the low pressure side so that the oil that is in the room will be returned to the pump through a control valve.

B. Power Steering types, namely:

1. Hydraulic Power Steering

Hydraulic Power Steering is a hydraulic system (hydraulic servo) that serves to lighten the energy required to rotate the wheel, especially at low speeds and adjust the medium and high speed. At low speeds the tire friction with the road is quite high, especially for the type of low-pressure tire with a tread width.

B. How the power steering hidrolic:

When the wheel is rotated, prisoners formed by heavy vehicles and cars friction between the tire and the road surface causes the torsion bar in the rotary valve into a turn. This changes the position of the valve spool and sleeve, then direct the power steering oil under pressure to the power cylinder.

The difference in pressure on one side of the piston (which is mounted on a rack) helps move the rack to reduce the business circles. Lubricating oil that is in the other side of the power cylinder and the control valve is forced to return to the pump reservoir. At the time of steering Efforts to stop, the control valve presented by the turning force of the torsion bar, the pressure is balanced on both sides of the piston, and the front wheel back to the straight-ahead position.

Rack-and-pinion assembly is a hydraulic-mechanical unit with integral piston and rack assembly. In it there is a rotary valve that directs the flow of minyal power steering and controlling the pressure to reduce steering effort (an undertaking the power required to turn the steering wheel). When the wheel is rotated, prisoners formed by the weight of the vehicle and the friction wheel to the tire, causing torsion bar in the rotary valve tends to be somewhat off the mark. This will change the position of the valve spool and sleeve, because that takes directing pressurized lubricant to the proper end contained in the power cylinder.

The difference in pressure on the piston side (which is mounted on a rack) helps move the rack to reduce the pace of business circles. Lubricant in the power cylinder opposite urged to control valve and back to the pump reservoir. When the steering effort stops, the control valve will be presented by the force of the twisted torsion bar, the pressure on both sides of the piston will be matched, and the front wheels return to the straight ahead position.

1. Rack-and-pinion power steering system consists of:

• Rack and pinion steering gear box

Rack Pinion / Gearbox is a driver system Power Steering of the wheel over and then forwarded to the wheels with assistance from component understeel or legs vehicles (tie rod, rack end, idle arm, etc.). In the system Rack Pinion / Gearbox are piston and valve (the valve) that works according to the oil pressure channeled through Vane Pump, besides there are also a useful seal-seal Olie withstand pressure from leaking out.

1. Power steering oil pump

PS pump serves as an energy supplier of the engine with high pressure oil which is then forwarded to the Rack Pinion / Gearbox through Hose Press (high-pressure hose). Vane Pump position is always at the top of RackPinion / Gearbox. And nearly half controlled Power Steering system / set of working pumps, therefore, if there is damage to the pump is almost certainly his Power Steering system also will not alias damaged roads. Type pump a lot, among others:

piston pumps, membranes, plunger, outer gear, the gear, vane, screw and others. Pressure is needed is a continuous pressure (continue), so that the type of pump used is the type Vane or Gears. Pumps generate pressure by utilizing engine rpm, so the pumping volume is proportional to engine speed.

Setting the amount of oil flowing out of the pump is regulated by flow control valve, so it is always constant. In fact, since prisoners driving at high speed is reduced, the amount of oil flow should also be reduced, so that the steering stability is maintained On rpm sensing power steering and power steering that has a flow control valve with built-in control spool, the amount of oil flow will be regulated in accordance with the the speed of the vehicle. Fluid flow amount adjustment work / oil by the flow control valve and the control spool is as follows:

a). In Round Low

At low speed (650 up to 1250 rpm), the pressure generated by the pump will be channeled into two channels, namely x (channel flow control valve) and y (channel to control the spool). Flow passing through the channel x partially returned to the pump and partly out (P1). P1 stream forwarded past the orifice 1 and 2 and is divided into two pump output and supplied to the left of the flow control valve into the pressure P2. Differences press P1 and P2 depend spin machine. At the time of the engine rev up then there is an increase difference between P1 and P2. When the pressure P1 exceeds the strength of the spring "A", then the flow control valve will move left kek, thus opening the channel expenditure to the suction side of the pump so that the amount of flow of spending does not rise. In this condition the amount of oil flow is controlled at ± 6.6 ltr / min.

b). In Round Medium

At the time of intermediate rounds (1250 till 2500 rpm) pump discharge pressure (P1) which is working on the left side of the control spool valve has a pressure that is capable of defeating the pressure spring "B", so that the control spool valve immovable to the right. By shifting the control spool valve orifice size of the hole 2 is reduced, so the out-put pressure pump and pressure P2 is reduced which causes the flow control valve increasingly shifted to the left. So, in the middle rounds position control valve spool will be shifted to the right and out of the orifice 2, thereby reducing the volume of fluid through the orifice.

c). High Round

If the round reached more than 2500 rpm, optimum control spool valve will be pushed to the right so that the closing orifice 2 perfectly. In this condition out-put pump and P2 only through orrifce 1, so that the amount of flow into a small, namely 3.3 ltr / min. Inside there is a relief valve flow control valve that serves to regulate the working pressure. If the working pressure reached 80kg / cm2, relief valve spring will be pushed so that the relief valve opens and P2 down.

• Oil reservoir
• Oil reservoir serves to accommodate oil P / S.
•  Tubes / Hose (hose)
• This hose serves the high-pressure oil channel of Vane Pump to the Rack Pinion / Gearbox, with rotation / rotation very fast, it can cause sound effect when the hose material used is not good quality.

d. Working Principle of Hydraulic Power Steering

Power steering systems use hydraulic pressure generated by the power steering pump point is to reduce the effort required steps to turn the steering wheel. Power steering pump mounted in front of the engine. The pump used is the type of vane-type, and is driven by the crankshaft via the drive belt. Power steering oil drawn from the reservoir to the pump on when the engine is on. This oil is pressed by a power steering switch and control valve that is located in the power steering pump.

2. Electric Power Steering

In the car toyota 2005 already apply Electric Power Steering (EPS), in which the work process that originally used the power steering hydraulic system is transformed into electrical systems. A characteristic that is contained in the EPS is already not using the power steering pump. In the car toyota 2005 already apply Electric Power Steering (EPS), in which the work process that originally used the power steering hydraulic system is transformed into electrical systems.

a. The workings of the electric power steering system (EPS)

When the keys in turn to the On position, Control modules acquire electric current to stand conditions bay, along with the EPS indicator on the instrument panel lights up. And when the machine is turned on, Noise Suppressor immediately inform the control module to activate the electric motor and clutch also directly connect the motor to the steering column. One sensor located in the steering rack in charge of giving information to the control module when the wheel starts playing called Torque Sensor, this tool will provide information to the control module to what extent and how fast the wheel is rotated rounds. With that information the control module immediately sends an electrical current as needed, the electric motor will rotate the steering gear, so the process of turning the steering becomes lighter. Vehicle speed sensor serving as the car started moving. These sensors provide information to the control module on the vehicle speed, if the speed exceeded 80 km, the electric motor will be switched off so that the steering becomes so heavy and improve safety. So the EPS system regulates the amount of electrical current as required by the electric motor and provides the specific code if there is a malfunction in the system Electronic Power Steering system (EPS) includes the same components as in the conventional power steering systems. Additionally is a solenoid valve on the power steering gear box, and a close below the audio control unit located in the middle farcia panel. To control the flow of oil to the steering gear box, provided a solenoid which works on the basis of the current control module that receives signals from the VSS (Vehicle Speed Sensor) and TPS. The workings of Electric Power Steering System (EPS) is currently playing a key to the ON position, the Control Module obtaining electrical current for stand-by condition, along with the EPS indicator on the instrument panel lights up. Currently living machine, Noise Suppressor immediately inform the Control Module to enable the electric motor and clutch immediately connect the motor to the steering column. One sensor located in the steering rack in charge of giving information to the Control Module when the wheel starts playing. Called Torque Sensor, it sends information about the extent to which the wheel is rotated and how fast it spins. With two such information, Control Module immediately sent an electric current as needed to the electric motor to rotate the steering gear, this way the process of turning the steering becomes lighter. Vehicle Speed Sensor duty once the car starts moving. These sensors provide information to the control module on the vehicle speed. At high speeds, generally starting from 80 km / h, the electric motor will be deactivated by the Control Module. With so steering becomes heavier thus increasing safety. So the EPS system regulates the amount of electrical current supplied to the electric motor only as needed. In addition to the working set of electric motors based on the information from the sensors, Control Module also detect if there is a malfunction of the EPS system. EPS indicator light on the instrument panel will light up if there is damage to certain flashing. Furthermore, Control Module deactivate the electric motor and clutch will disconnect the motor with the steering column. However, because the steering system is equipped with EPS is still connected to the wheel via a steel rod, it is still possible to drive the car. Although turning the steering will feel heavy as steering without power steering. Electric Power Steering (EPS) using some electronic devices such as:

1. Control Module: For a computer to adjust the EPS work.
2. Electric motors: Duty to directly help ease the steering wheel rotation.
3. Vehicle Speed Sensor: Located in the gearbox and in charge of telling the control module on the speed of the car.
4. Torque Sensor: Being on the steering column with the task of giving information to the control module when the wheel starts playing by the driver.
5.  Clutch: This clutch is between the motor and the steering column. Its job to connect and disconnect the motor with the steering column according to the conditions.
6. Noise Suppressor: Acting as sensors that detect the engine is running or not.
7. On-board Diagnostic Display: in the form of an indicator on the instrument panel will light up if there is a problem with a bunch of EPS systems.

b. Excellence Electric Power Steering

EPS not only perform the function of normal power steering, but also can control the pressure of hydraulic pressure that reacts based counter-force on the plunger that is fixed in the gear box input shaft, because that is the characteristic steering effort vs. hydraulic pressure varies depending on the speed of the vehicle to provide optimum steering characteristics fit with vehicle speed and steering conditions.

1. When the car is stationary and in a state of slow running round light steering.
2. Setting steering effort based on vehicle speed.
3.  At medium speed and fast, it will increase steering effort to increase the stability and comfort of the steering wheel.
4.  In medium speed and fast, when the rudder position at or near the neutral position, the plunger will increase the reactionary function steering effort so that the steering is more stable.
5. When the vehicle passes through the damaged road at medium speed and fast, although there is a big obstacle from the road surface, but will not affect the direction of the steering control, because the output pressure hydraulic steering effort to be the same height as the conventional power steering.
6. This system has a fail-safe function that despite the electrical system, including the control units and sensors, but the normal characteristics of the power steering can still be in the can.

The problems that arise are usually the steering wheel / steer feels weight so that there are indications that the power steering became one possible causes, though not the only one causes. If there are problems it is in doing inspection of the power steering system is as follows:

steering belt

1. Check the power steering belt (belt player power steering pump). If the condition is damaged it must be replaced, but if only a loose / loose belt do its firmness adjustment (see specifications in workshop manual).
2. Check the power steering oil. Check the amount and quality of the oil by looking deep recervoir stick on the tube. Do also check for leaks that may occur on the pipe / hose coupling. If there is a leak to fix or resolve prior leakages occurring, add the oil and power steering on recervoir do bleeding. Bleeding is done by turning the engine at 100 rpm, and maximum steering wheel is rotated to the right and left three or emapat times.

Oil replacement done if oil is found already oxidized / foamy / frothy and even existing or emulsion. Replacement of oil is done in the following way:

• Raise the front of the vehicle
• Remove the return pipe and remove the oil from the oil recervoir
• With the engine idling, rotate the maximum steering wheel right and left, taking out the oil.
• Turn off the engine.
• Fill the new oil to recervoir.
• Turn the engine at 1000 rpm.
• After the oil out through the drain pipe behind, make sure that the oil direcervoir always full and the oil that comes out through the return channel does not mix the air.
• Replace the return pipe oil from recervoir.
• Perform exhaust air that possibility remains (bleeding) in the manner described above.
• Ensure that at the time the machine is turned off, the increase in oil level on recervoir not more than 5 mm.

3). Check the oil pressure power steering.

By using a pressure gauge make sure that the oil pressure is not lower than 65 kg / cm at maximum turn and conditions or at idle and channels blocked pressure gauge (max blocking 10 seconds).

Automotif Engine, fungsi differensial, langkah pembongkaran differensial

DIFFERENTIAL

FUNGSI DIFFERENTIAL/ GARDAN

Differensial

Automotif Engine

Fungsi utama differential adalah Merubah arah putaran mesin, Memperbesar momen putar, dan Membedakan putaran roda kiri dan roda kanan saat membelok 

a. Final Gear. 

Yang terdiri dari drive pinion dan ring gear, dan berfungsi untuk memperbesar momen dan mengubah arah putaran .

b. Differential Gear. 

Yang terdiri dari side gear, dan berfungsi untuk membedakan kecepatan putar roda kiri dan kanan saat membelok.

3. CARA KERJA DIFFERENTIAL/GARDAN 

• Pada saat mobil berjalan lurus : 

Drive pinion memutarkan ring gear, ring gear memutarkan differential case, defferential case menggerakan pinion gear melalui pinion shaft dan pinion gear memutarkan side gear kiri dan kanan dengan rpm yang sama karena tahanan roda kiri dan kanan sama, sehingga menyebabkan putaran roda kiri dan kanan sama. ( RPM A = B ). 

• Pada saat kendaraan belok kanan 

Drive pinion memutarkan ring gear, ring gear memutarkan differential case, differential case menggerakan pinion gear melalui pinion shaft dan pinion gear memutarkan side gear kiri mengitari side gear kanan karena tahanan roda kanan lebih besar sehingga menyebabkan putaran roda kiri lebih besar dari roda kanan. ( RPM A > B ). 

• Pada saat kendaraan belok kiri 

Drive pinion memutarkan ring gear, ring gear memutarkan differential case, differential case menggerakan pinion gear melalui pinion shaft dan pinion gear memutarkan side gear kanan mengitari side gear kiri karena tahanan roda kiri lebih besar, sehingga menyebabkan putaran roda kanan lebih besar dari roda kiri. ( RPM A < B ) 

C. KESELAMATAN KERJA

Keselamatan kerja adalah hal yang utama, karena sangat dibutuhkan dan sangat penting dalam melakukan suatu pekerjaan. Hal hal yang menyangkut keselamatan kerja yaitu: 

1. Sebelum melakukan pekerjaan sebaiknya memakai pakaian kerja/ wear park. 
2. Jangan menaruh kunci/ alat-alat disaku pakaian kerja sehingga tidak membahayakan diri kita sendiri dan orang lain. 
3. Gunakan alat sesuai dengan fungsinya. 
4. Lakukan pekerjaan dengan teliti dan hati hati. 

D. BAHAN DAN PERALATAN 

Diferential, Dial indicator, Kunci shock, Kunci pas ring, Palu, Obeng

E. LANGKAH KERJA 

1. CARA MELEPAS DAN MEMBONGKAR DIFFERENTIAL

• Melepas poros-poros roda 

• Lepas poros propeler dari diferensial 

• Lepas differential dari axle housing 

• Pemeriksaan differential sebelum di bongkar 

Bila timbul suara diferensial, lakukan pemeriksaan awal berikut, sebelum pembongkaran untuk menentukan penyebab suara. Kemudian Periksa keolangan roda gigi ring. Keolengan maksimum 0,10 mm (0,0039 in). Setelah pengukuran ternyata hasilnya sama dengan keolengan maksimum yaitu 0,10mm, Jadi tidak perlu mengganti roda gigi ring, disamping itu roda gigi ring masih baru. Bila keolengan lebih besar dari nilai maksimurn, gantilah roda gigi ring. 

Setelah memeriksa keolengan ring gear, kemudian Periksa backlash roda gigi ring. Dan setelah diukur hasilnya kurang dari nilai spesifikasi, jadi dilakukan penyetelan kembali backlas, setelah disetel yang hedua kalinya hasilnya pun sama yaitu 0,14mm.

e. Pembongkaran differential 

Lepas flens penyambung, dengan menggunakan palu dan pahat, longgarkan takikan mur, lalu Menggunakan SST untuk menahan flens, lepas mur 09330 – 00021, kemudian gunakan SST, lepas flens penyambung. SST 09330 - 00021 , Setelah melepas flens penyambung, kemudian Lepas perapat oli dan penahan oli. Menggunakan SST, lepas perapat oli dari diferensial carrier. SST 09308 – 10010, Lepas penahan oli. 

Setelah melepas penahan oli kemudian lepas differential case dan ring gear dari differential carier dengan cara buat tanda pada tutup bantalan dan diferensial carrier, kemudian lepas dua pengunci mur penyetel, lalu Lepas tutup bantalan dan penyetel. 

Setelah differential terlepas, kemuduan lepas pinion penggerak dari diferensial carrier. 

f. Melepas roda gigi ring (ring gear) 

Lepas baut pengikat roda gigi ring dan plat pengunci, kemudian buatlah tanda pada roda gigi ring dan differential case,.

g. Membomngkar differential case 

bongkar differential case dengan menggunakan palu dan drip, keluarkan pen. Lalu lepas poros pinion, dua roda gigi pinion dengan cincin dorong. 

2. PEMERIKSAAN KOMPONEN DIFFERENTIAL

a. Memeriksa bagian penggerak sudut 

Yang diperiksa yaitu bagian pasak mur pengikat flens, keausan dudukan bantalan poros pinion, dan keausan gigi pinion dan gigi korona.

b. Memeriksa bagian dari differential case 

Memeriksa keausan permukaan gesek bantalan, keausan poros roda gigi planet, dan keausan gigi planet dan gigi satelit.

3. PERAKITAN DIFFERENTIAL 

a. Merakit differential case 

Pasang cincin dorong yang tepat dan roda gigi samping. Mengikuti petunjuk tabel berikut ini, pilihlah cincin dorong yang dapat memberikan backlash spesifikasi. Pilihlah cincin dengan ketebalan yang sama untuk kedua sisi. Kemudian memasang planetary gear kedalam differential case.

b. Memasang pen 

Menggunakan palu dan drip, pasang pen masuk pada bak diferensial dan lubang poros pinion.

Takik lubang pada bak diferensial.

c. Memasang roda gigi ring pada differential case 

Sebelum memasang ring gear terlebih dahulu Bersihkan permukaan kontak pada diferensial case, kemudian panaskan roda gigi ring pada 100°C (212°F) di dalam pemanas oli, setelah itu bersihkan permukaan kontak pada roda gigi ring dengan bahan pembersih. 

Kemudian segera pasangkan roda gigi ring pada diferensial case. Tepatkan tanda pada roda gigi ring dan differential case, Oleskan oli roda gigi pada baut pengikat roda gigi ring.kemudian Pasang plat pengunci dan baut pengikat. Kencangkan baut dengan merata, sedikit demi sedikit, dengan momen 985 kg-cm. Lalu dengan menggunakan palu dan drip, takik plat pengunci.

d. Pasang poros pinion 

e. Memasang flens penyambung 

Pasang flens penyambung dengan Oleskan gemuk MP pada ulir mur yang baru, Menggunakan SST, untuk menahan flens, kencangkan mur.SST 09330 - 00021

f. Memasang differential case dan roda gigi ring pada differential carier 

Pasang luncuran luar bantalan pada masing- masing bantalan, dan pastikan luncuran luar tidak tertukar antara kiri dan kanan

g. Memasang mur penyetel 

Pasang mur penyetel pada masing- masing carier, dan pastikan ulir terkait dengan benar. 

h. Memasang tutup bantalan 

Tempatkan tanda pada tutup bantalan dan carier, kemudian pasang kedua baut tutup bantalan, dua atau tiga ulir, dan tekan tutup bantalan dengan menggunakan tangan. 

i. Mengencangkan ring penyetel 

Kencangkan ring penyetel kiri dan kanan sampai mendapatkan posisi yang diinginkan atau menyetel gesekan antara gigi ring dan gigi pinion sampai baik dan benar. Kemudian kencangkan baut tutup bantalan. 

4. MEMASANG DIFFERENTIAL PADA KENDARAAN 

• Pasang gasket pada rumah axsel, kemudian pasang differential pada rumah axsel, dan kencangkan Ke 12 baut pengikat. 

• Memasang poros propeller Shaft

• Tempatkanlah tanda pada kedua flens, kemudian pasang flens dengan empat baut dan mur tersebut. 

Periksa permukaan oli diferensial. 

Isilah dengan oIi roda gigi hypoid bila diperlukan.

Tingkat oli :API GL-5, oIi roda gigi hypoid

Viskositas :SAE90

Kapasitas 1 1,3 liter (1,4 US qts, 1,1 Imp, qts) 

5. PENGUJIAN 

Setelah selesai, lalu lakukan pengujian dengan menghidupkan mesin, lalu masukan gigi dan jalankan mobil sambil didengar apakah ada bunyi yang timbul dari differential dan getaran akibat penyetelan kurang baik. Kalau ada berarti hasilnya kurang baik dan perlu disetel ulang, akan tetapi jika tidak ada berarti hasilnya baik 

Automotif Engine, Jenis - Jenis penggerak Roda, Differential, propeller shaft

    Jenis-Jenis Sistem Penggerak Kendaraan

Automotif Engine       Kendaraan dapat berjalan/ bergerak karena ada system yang memindahkan tenaga/ momen/ putaran dari mesin ke roda-roda. Kendaraan ditinjau dari sistem pemindah tenaganya dikelompokkan menjadi beberapa tipe/ jenis, yaitu :

a. Front Engine Rear Drive (FR)

Kendaraan dengan mesin di depan dan menggerakkan roda belakang dinamakan tipe Front Engine Rear Drive (FR). Komponen-komponen system pemindah tenaga meliputi : kopling(clutch), transmisi(transmission), drive shaft/ propeller shaft, differential, rear axle dan roda(wheel)

Gambar Sistem pemindah tenaga pada kendaraan tipe FR

b. Front Engine Front Drive (FF)

Kendaraan dengan mesin di depan dan menggerakkan roda depan dinamakan tipe Front Engine Front Drive (FF). Komponen-komponen sistem pemindah tenaga meliputi : kopling (clutch), transmisi(transmission), differential, front axle dan roda (wheel).

Gambar Sistem pemindah tenaga pada kendaraan tipe FF

c. Rear Engine Rear Drive (RR)

Kendaraan dengan mesin di belakang dan menggerakkan roda belakang dinamakan tipe Rear Engine Rear Drive (RR). Pemindah tenaga kendaraan tipe ini sama dengan tipe Front Engine Front Drive (FF). Komponen-komponen sistem pemindah tenaga meliputi : kopling (clutch), transmisi (transmissions), differential, rear axle dan roda (wheel)

Gambar. Rear Engine Rear Drive (RR)

d. Four Wheel Drive (FWD)

Kendaraan dengan mesin menggerakkan roda depan dan roda belakang dinamakan tipe Four Wheel Drive atau All Wheel Drive (FWD atau 4WD atau AWD). Komponen-komponen sistem pemindah tenaga meliputi : kopling(clutch), transmisi (transmission), transfer, dan terbagi menjadi dua. Pertama ke front drive shaft (front propeller shaft), front differential, front axle dan roda depan (front wheel), sedangkan yang kedua ke reardrive shaft, rear differential, rear axle dan roda belakang(rear wheel).

Gambar. Four Whell Drive (FWD)

untuk kesempatan ini drive shaft yang akan dibahas adalah poros propeller dan poros penggerak roda (axle) baik front axle maupun rear axle. Poros propeller dibahas pada kegiatan 1 ini, sedangkan axle dibahas pada kegiatan 2.

A. Propeller Shaft

Pada kendaraan tipe FR (front engine rear drive) dan FWD/AWD (four wheel drive), untuk memindahkan tenaga mesin dari transmisi ke differential, diperlukan propeller shaft atau sering juga disebut sebagai drive shaft. Panjang pendeknya propeller shaft tergantung dari panjang kendaraan. Pada kendaraan yang panjang, propeller dibagi menjadi beberapa bagian untuk menjamin supaya tetap dapat bekerja dengan baik. Suspensi kendaraan mengakibatkan posisi differential selalu berubah-ubah terhadap transmisi, sehingga propeller harus dapat menyesuaikan perubahan sudut dan perubahan jarak, agar tetap mampu meneruskan putaran dengan lancar. Mekanisme atau komponen tersebut adalah universal joint atau sering disebut U-joint.

Propeller shaft pada umumnya terbuat dari pipa besi, karena profil pipa lebih tahan terhadap puntiran. Dimensi poros propeller akan menentukan beban putaran yang diijinkan.

Propeller Shaft